Communication in International Management - 3 Essay

Communication in International Management - 3 - Essay Example In Germany, the government-owned postal service, Deutsche Post World Net, gradually utilises English as its official language. Much smaller firms are doing the same. The elevator maker, in Finland, known as Kone, assumed English in the 70s; Merloni Elettrodomestici, a midsized home appliance producer, in Italy, did so in the mid-90s (Blommaert, 2010). Management meetings at big banks like Credit Suisse in Switzerland, as well as Deutsche Bank, in Germany, are normally in English. Whereas there are many reasons why English has spread so fast globally and within Europe, a majority of these reasons are found on what critics term as econcultural grounds, that is, they are the consequence of the development of a world market, as well as global development in the fields of culture, science and technology and the media (Blommaert, 2010). A number of languages have been utilised all across the world as contact lingos for global trade and communication. In Europe itself, there have been a num ber of lingua francas as from the Roman times such as Greek, French, Latin, English and German. English, German and French are still widely used in parts of Europe and constitute what scholars refer to as the big languages of Europe (Tietze, 2008). For sure, in its strictest sense, the phrase ‘lingua franca’ appears to be compared to a pidgin in that it is a language with no native speakers. The phrase, English as a Lingua Franca (ELF), is mainly applied in this manner exclusively to refer the use of English between people whose mother tongue is not English. Scholars have added ‘B’ to ELF when it comes to using English in business contexts – Business English Lingua France (BELF) (Tietze, 2008). On to the thesis, this paper focuses on question 3, â€Å"implications of using English as a business lingua franca for businesses and native, as well as non-native English speakers.† The use of English The complication of the application of English, as a mother tongue, international language in non-English speaking parts of the world and also as a second language, has been acknowledged by Blommaert (2010), Brannen (2004) and Joseph (2004) and suggestions for transforming Crystal’s (2003) concentric circles structure of world English use to contain this complication have been proposed by Seidlhofer (2005) and more lately by Blommaert (2010) to consider the various, active roles of English in diverse parts of the world. For example, Tietze (2008) argues that in Germany, the Netherlands and Luxembourg, even though English is not the official language, it serves a number of commercial, social, educational and traditional functions, which rationalise classifying these nations as belonging to both Braj Kachru’s ‘outer’ and ‘expanding’ circles. It could likewise be claimed that Denmark and Sweden could gradually be seen as spanning these circles. In addition, the latest succession of 10 more natio ns to the European Union, in 2004, increased the nations in the ‘expanding circle’. This mobility of Europe’s borders and individuals within them, coupled with rising chances for regional trade, adds to the difficulty of language use across Europe and, without a doubt, provokes the development of a global language or languages. Global firms and international business commerce mainly imply a main need for individuals to converse across the globe, at least at a universally written and verbal level (Seidlhofer, 2005). Multilingual communication and translation are vital, but

Act of Kindness Essay Example for Free

Act of Kindness Essay Today i will be telling you about one of my act of kindness, but before i do that i will be giving you hints as to what your about to read. It happen at a store that was one city over from me and was one of the best places to be be around because of the places near it. I was really young and it happen in the toy aisle because when your little and a boy its your favorite place. There was a young boy who was crying out for his mom. I was a worried alot when i was little and so i had my older sister help me look for the kids mother so he could smile. Those are my hints to what your about to read in my essay about my act of kindness. My act of kindness takes place at Kmart in Simi Valley, Califronia. I lived one city over from Simi and it was the only major shopping store close to us that was like a Walmart. I loved going to Kmart with my mom and sister because i would most likey get a toy for going with them. Once before when i went to Kmart with my mom i got lost from her and it was the scariest thing a young boy can feel being lost from his mother. When i got lost there was someone there to help me get back to my mom, so i always felt that i should help someone else who was lost from someone they love. MY act of kindness happened in Kmart but to be more precise it happened in the toy aisle in Kmart. When your a young boy the toy aisle is like a candy shop and every toy is like a different flavor. I was six years old with my mom and sister and i would always go to the toys to look and see what i wanted for chrismas because chrismas was like a month and a half away. I saw a little boy in the toy aisle with me he had his hands on his face and i didnt know what he was doing. The little boy was three years old and his hands were over his face because he was crying and i didnt know why he was crying i was thinking it was for a toy and he mom wouldnt let him get it. Then i hear him starting to cry mama mama where are you mama. I started to worry for the three year old boy even though i was only six years old i worried and to this day i still worry about stuff. When i went up to my mom i told her i think that boy is lost from his mom. I got to the point where i didnt want him to be sad any more because i knew when i got lost from my mom someone helped me. I ask my sister if she would help me with looking from his mom, my sister was 12 so she was older than me and could do alot more than i could. We started to look around the toy aisle because that where the three year old boy was so we thought his mother would be close by. Then we started to look other places we went to the food  aisle and the young kids clothing aisle. We looked everywhere we were thinking his mom left Kmart and left her son in the toy aisle. We went to the cash register have an employee page that a little boy lost his mom, but right when we got there we heard the mom yell the three year old boys name and he yelled mommy and she thanked us for helping her son look for his mom and i was happy knowing he got back with his mom. That is one of my act of kindness but to me this is one of the biggest act of kindness i have done because i was six when i did this act of kindness. To some people it might not seem like a big act of kindness but even the littlest acts of kindness can help someone in the long run. So if i could say that someones act of kindness to me made me in turn help someone else. I hope what you get from this story is that you can help someone no matter the age or the place. These are my words of wisdom for someone who was helped and who in return helped someone else.

Effect of Glucocorticoids on Serum Level of Omentin-1

Effect of Glucocorticoids on Serum Level of Omentin-1 Effect of glucocorticoids on serum level of omentin-1 and the possible link with insulin resistance in rats Khaled Abdelfattah Abdelhamid Abulfadle ABSTRACT Background: Omentin-1 is an adipokine that decreases insulin resistance and its level is affected by body weight and serum adiponectin level changes, while, glucocorticoids are steroid hormones, secreted by adrenal cortex, affected insulin resistance, body weight and serum level of adiponectin. Objective: This study was designed to investigate the possible effect of glucocorticoids on serum level of omentin-1 in male albino rats and the possible link with insulin resistance. Design: 30 adult male albino rats, weighting 190-230 gm, were divided into three groups each of which included 10 rats; control, dexamethasone treated (Hyper-C) and metyrapone treated (Hypo-C). In (Hyper-C) group, rats were injected with dexamethasone (1mg/kg/day intra peritoneal) for two weeks. In (Hypo-C) group, metyrapone was administered orally dissolved in saline (200 mg/kg body weight) for two weeks. In the control group, normal saline was injected intraperitoneally (1 ml/rat/day) for two weeks. Rats were kept fasting for 8 hours and then, sacrificed under ether anesthesia by decapitation. Blood samples were collected and sera were separated and serum levels of omentin-1, corticosterone, ACTH, glucose and insulin were estimated. Insulin resistance (IR) was estimated by calculation of the homeostasis model assessment-IR (HOMA-IR) index. Body weights were measured at the start (initial body weight) of the study and just before rats being sacrificed (final body weight). Results: There was a significant increase in body weight in Hyper-C group final weight (235.8 ±3.28), but, there was a significant decrease in body weight in Hypo-C group final weight (200 ±3.22) in comparison to that of control group final weight (217 ±2.85). On the other hand, there was a significant increase in serum levels of both glucose and insulin in Hyper-C group (237.8 ±10.4) and (4.88 ±0.16) in comparison to that in the control group (96.9 ±1.5) and (2.15 ±0.07) respectively. On the contrary, there was a significant decrease in serum levels of both glucose and insulin in Hypo-C group (72.2 ±2.2) and (1.28 ±0.1) in comparison to that in the Hyper-C group (237.8 ±10.4) and (4.88 ±0.16) respectively. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in HOMA-IR in the Hypo-C group (0.25 ±0.02) in comparison to that in the Hyper-C group (2.88 ±0.17). Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in serum omentin-1 level in Hyper-C group (14.5 ±0.47) but, a s ignificant increase in its serum level in Hypo-C group (26.58 ±0.5) in comparison to that in the control group (21 ±0.35). On other hand, there were negative correlations in the Hyper-C group between serum omentin-1 and serum level of both insulin (R= -0.6, P Value= 0.07) and corticosterone (R= -0.22, P Value= 0.54), respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study may explain a novel mechanism by which glucocorticoids cause insulin resistance and this is through the regulation of serum level of omentin-1. Also, the results confirmed presence of a link between serum levels of both glucocorticoids and omentin-1 which is mostly the change in body weight and this confirmed the importance of body weight control on glucose homeostasis. Keywords: Omentin-1, Metyrapone, Dexamethasone, Glucose, Insulin resistance, ACTH, Corticosterone. Introduction: Omentin-1 is an adipocytokine, 35-kDa protein with 313 amino acids, that is expressed in visceral adipose tissue, endothelial cells, and, small intestine, and has insulin-sensitizing effects (Yang, Lee et al. 2006, Gà ¼rsoy, KÄ ±rnap et al. 2010, Chen, Shang et al. 2017). It has a preferred expression in visceral (omental) fat tissue (Yang, Xu et al. 2003). Two isoforms of Omentin are known, Omentin-1 and Omentin-2; Omentin-1 is the main circulating form (de Souza Batista, Yang et al. 2007, Zorlu, Kiskac et al. 2017). Omentin increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in human adipocytes in vitro and its expression in visceral adipose tissue is reduced in obesity and insulin resistance (Yang, Lee et al. 2006, de Souza Batista, Yang et al. 2007, Smitka and Maresova 2015). Brunetti, Orlando et al. (2013) stated that Omentin-1 has a central orexigenic function. Recently, Oswiecimska, Suwala et al. (2015) reported that serum omentin correlated negatively with serum insulin, and h omeostasis model assessment-IR (HOMA-IR) index and they concluded that omentin is the nutritional marker reflecting body weight and insulin resistance. Herder, Ouwens et al. (2015) stated that omentin indirectly increased insulin sensitivity through adiponectin upregulation. On the other hand, Lee, Schnee et al. (2001) declared that excess of cortisol increases growth of visceral fat depots. Also, Morgan, Sherlock et al. (2009) stated that cortisol induced insulin resistance. Moreover, Purnell, Kahn et al. (2009) found that increased blood cortisol caused obesity and increased insulin resistance. Furthermore, Zhuang, Zhao et al. (2009) stated that although, visceral adipose tissue produced a large amount of omentin yet, its gene expression is reduced in visceral fat depot of obese subjects. Also, CÄ‚TOI, SUCIU et al. (2014) declared that omentin-1 enhanced adipocytes insulin-stimulated glucose uptake with no intrinsic insulin mimicking activity. Moreover, Elâ‚ ¬Ã‚ Mesa llamy, Elâ‚ ¬Ã‚ Derany et al. (2011) stated that omentin level was decreased in overweight, impaired glucose regulation and diabetes type 2 patients. Furthermore, de Souza Batista, Yang et al. (2007) found that Omentin-1 plasma levels were positively correlated with the plasma adiponectin and inversely correlated with insulin resistance. Adiponectin is a known insulin-sensitizing adipokine (Kadowaki, Yamauchi et al. 2006) and its levels contribute to insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) while its high levels increase insulin sensitivity (Singh, Akhtar et al. 2012). Positive correlation of omentin-1 with adiponectin levels has been reported in patients with obesity and T2DM (de Souza Batista, Yang et al. 2007, Yan, Liu et al. 2011). On the other hand, glucocorticoids were found to decrease serum adiponectin level (Shi, Du et al. 2010). As glucocorticoids affect body weight, adiponectin level and insulin resistance, thus, the aim of this study was to e valuate the effect of changes in serum glucocorticoid, corticosterone, levels on serum omentin and to identify the possible link between glucocorticoids, omentin and insulin resistance and up to our knowledge there is no study confirmed this link. Materials and methods: Animals preparations and experimental protocol: 30 adult male albino rats, weighting 190-230 gm, were purchased from the animal house of Zagazig University and were housed at 20-22 °C on a 12-h light-dark cycle and for 5 days, to achieve acclimatization, they were supplied with tap water and a standard chow diet. Then, the rats were divided into three groups each of which included 10 rats; control, dexamethasone treated (Hyper-C) and metyrapone treated (Hypo-C). In (Hyper-C) group, rats were injected with dexamethasone (1mg/kg/day intra peritoneal) for two weeks (Burà ©n, Lai et al. 2008). In (Hypo-C) group, metyrapone was used to induce hypocortism. It was administered orally dissolved in saline (200 mg/kg body weight) for two weeks (Miyamoto, Mitani et al. 1999). Adrenal cortex zona fasciculata cells contain glucocorticoid synthesizing enzyme, cytochrome P-45011à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢, which is essential for synthesis of corticosterone in rats. Metyrapone, an inhibitor of the P-45011à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  dependent l1à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢-hy droxylase reaction was used to inhibit corticosterone synthesis (Miyamoto, Mitani et al. 1998). Metyrapone-treated rats were given 0.9% sodium chloride along with drinking water to compensate the loss of mineralocorticoids and thereby the ionic loss (Miyamoto, Mitani et al. 1999). In the control group, normal saline was injected intraperitoneally (1 ml/rat/day) for two weeks. Just after the end of the two weeks, the rats were kept fasting for 8 hours and then, sacrificed under ether anesthesia by decapitation. Body weight changes among different groups: Body weights of the used rats were measured in the different groups, initially at the start of the study (initial body weight) and finally at the end of the study just prior to being sacrificed by decapitation (final body weight). Measurement of serum parameters: From all groups, blood samples were collected and sera were separated and stored at -20oC.   An automated analyzer (YSI 2300; YSI Life Sciences, Yellow Springs, OH) was used to measure serum glucose through glucose oxidase method. Also, ELISA kits (RD Systems, Minneapolis, MN) were used to estimate serum insulin. For evaluation of insulin resistance (IR), the homeostasis model assessment-IR (HOMA-IR) index was calculated by this equation: HOMA-IR =    (Nayak, Hillemane et al. 2014). The index value is interpreted as follows: when the value of HOMA-IR increased, insulin resistance increased, which means decreased insulin sensitivity (Bonora, Targher et al. 2000). Thus, in order to know changes in insulin resistance among different groups, the value of the HOMA-IR index was compared among them. Serum omentin-1, ACTH and corticosterone levels were quantitated using commercially available ELISA kits as per manufacturers instructions (RayBiotech, Inc.; Catalog No. EIAR-OME), (Sigma-Aldrich, Catalog No. SE120080) and (Assaypro LLC, Catalog No. EC3001-1) respectively. Statistical analysis: By the use of IBM SPSS Statistics for windows package version (24), data were analyzed and described as Mean ± SEM. For calculation of the statistical significance, One-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD post hoc test for multiple group comparison were used. P†°Ã‚ ¤0.05 indicated significance. Results: Table-1: Body weight (in gm) changes among different groups Control Initial body weight 205.5 ±2.64 Final body weight 217 ±2.85a Hyper-C Initial body weight 208.3 ±3.81a c Final body weight 235.8 ±3.28b, d e Hypo-C Initial body weight 213 ±3.57a, c, f g Final body weight 200 ±3.22a, d, f, g h Data was expressed as Mean ±SEM. a P>0.05 in comparison to the control group (initial body weight).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b P0.05 in comparison to the control group (final body weight). d P0.05 in comparison to the Hyper-C group (initial body weight). g P0.05 in comparison to the Hyper-C group (final body weight). Table (1) showed changes in body weights of the used rats among different groups at the start (initial body weight) and just before rats being sacrificed (final body weight). In comparison to the control group initial body weight (205.5 ±2.64), there was a significant increase in body weight in the Hyper-C group finally (235.8 ±3.28), but, there were insignificant changes in body weight of the remaining groups. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in body weight in Hyper-C group final weight (235.8 ±3.28), but, there was a significant decrease in body weight in Hypo-C group final weight (200 ±3.22) in comparison to that of control group final weight (217 ±2.85). Also, there were insignificant changes in body weight in both Hyper-C group initial weight (208.3 ±3.81) and Hypo-C group initial weight (213 ±3.57) in comparison to that of control group final weight (217 ±2.85). Moreover, there was a significant increase in body weight in Hyper-C group final w eight (235.8 ±3.28) in comparison to that of Hyper-C group initial weight (208.3 ±3.81), although, there were insignificant changes in body weight in both Hypo-C group initial weight (213 ±3.57) and Hypo-C group final weight (200 ±3.22) in comparison to that of Hyper-C group initial weight (208.3 ±3.81). Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in body weight in both Hypo-C group initial weight (213 ±3.57) and Hypo-C group final weight (200 ±3.22) in comparison to that of Hyper-C group final weight (235.8 ±3.28). Finally, there were insignificant changes in body weight in Hypo-C group final weight (200 ±3.22) in comparison to that of Hypo-C group initial weight (213 ±3.57). Table (2) showed changes in serum level of omentin-1, glucose, insulin, ACTH and corticosterone among different groups. Also, it showed changes in HOMA-IR among them. Regarding serum levels of corticosterone among different groups, there was a significant increase in its level in Hyper-C group (96.37 ±2.52), but a significant decrease in its level in Hypo-C group (8.08 ±0.32) in comparison to that in the control group (36.04 ±1.22). On the other hand, there was a significant decrease in serum level of corticosterone in Hypo-C group (8.08 ±0.32) in comparison to that in the Hyper-C group (96.37 ±2.52). On studying serum levels of ACTH, there was a significant decrease in its level in Hyper-C group (26.15 ±0.84), but a significant increase in its level in Hypo-C group (77.1 ±1.53) in comparison to that in the control group (46.75 ±1.2). On the other hand, there was a significant increase in serum level of ACTH in Hypo-C group (77.1 ±1.53) in comparison to that in the Hyper-C group (26.15 ±0.84). Regarding serum level of both glucose and insulin, there was a significant increase in serum level of both of them in Hyper-C group (237.8 ±10.4) and (4.88 ±0.16) in comparison to that in the control group (96.9 ±1.5) and (2.15 ±0.07) respectively. On the other hand, there was a significant decrease in serum level of both glucose and insulin in Hypo-C group (72.2 ±2.2) and (1.28 ±0.1) in comparison to that in the Hyper-C group (237.8 ±10.4) and (4.88 ±0.16) respectively. On other hand, on studying HOMA-IR among different groups, there was a significant increase in its value in Hyper-C group (2.88 ±0.17), but, there was an insignificant decrease in it in the Hypo-C group (0.25 ±0.02) in comparison to that in the control group (0.51 ±0.01). On the contrary, there was a significant decrease in HOMA-IR in the Hypo-C group (0.25 ±0.02) in comparison to that in the Hyper-C group (2.88 ±0.17). On studying serum omentin-1 level among different groups, there was a significant decrease in its serum level in Hyper-C group (14.5 ±0.47), but, there was a significant increase in its serum level in Hypo-C group (26.58 ±0.5) in comparison to the control group (21 ±0.35). Also, there was a significant increase in serum omentin-1 in Hypo-C group (26.58 ±0.5) in comparison to the Hyper-C group (14.5 ±0.47). Figure (1 AB) showed negative correlations in the Hyper-C group between serum omentin-1 and both serum insulin (R= 0.6, P Value= 0.07) and serum corticosterone (R= 0.22, P Value= 0.54), respectively. On the other hand, figure (1 CD) showed positive correlations in the Hypo-C group between serum omentin-1 and both serum insulin (R= 0.54, P Value= 0.11) and serum corticosterone (R= 0.6, P Value= 0.07), respectively. Table-2: Serum omentin-1 (ng/ml), glucose (mg/dl), Insulin (à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­IU/ml), HOMA-IR, ACTH (ng/ml), Corticosterone (nmol/L) among different groups: Control Hyper-C Hypo-C Corticosterone (nmol/L) 36.04 ±1.22 96.37 ±2.52a 8.08 ±0.32ab ACTH (ng/ml) 46.75 ±1.2 26.15 ±0.84a 77.1 ±1.53ab Glucose (mg/dl) 96.9 ±1.5 237.8 ±10.4a 72.2 ±2.2bc Insulin (à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­IU/ml) 2.15 ±0.07 4.88 ±0.16a 1.28 ±0.1ab HOMA-IR 0.51 ±0.01 2.88 ±0.17a 0.25 ±0.02bd Omentin (ng/ml) 21 ±0.35 14.5 ±0.47a 26.58 ±0.5ab Data was expressed as Mean ±SEM. a P0.05 in comparison to the control group. Figure-1: Correlations between; serum omentin-1 (ng/ml) and insulin (à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­IU/ml) in Hyper-C group (A), serum omentin-1 (ng/ml) and corticosterone (nmol/l) in Hyper-C group (B), serum omentin-1 (ng/ml) and insulin (à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­IU/ml) in Hypo-C group (C), serum omentin-1 (ng/ml) and corticosterone (nmol/l) in Hypo-C group (D). R, is the correlation coefficient. P Value, for the correlation, is considered significant when its value is †°Ã‚ ¤ 0.05. Discussion: The results of this study showed a significant increase in serum levels of corticosterone in Hyper-C group, but a significant decrease in its level in Hypo-C group in comparison to that in the control group. On the other hand, there was a significant decrease in serum levels of ACTH in Hyper-C group, but a significant increase in its level in Hypo-C group in comparison to that in the control group. These results were supported by Zardooz, Rostamkhani et al. (2010) who stated that increased serum levels of corticosterone were accompanied a significant decrease in serum levels of ACTH. Regarding serum glucose and insulin, the results of this study showed a significant increase in both of them in Hyper-C group in comparison to that in the control group. On the other hand, there was a significant decrease in serum glucose and insulin in Hypo-C group in comparison to that in the Hyper-C group. These results were supported by Morgan, Sherlock et al. (2009), Purnell, Kahn et al. (2009) and Zardooz, Rostamkhani et al. (2010) who found that increased serum levels of corticosterone significantly increased serum levels of both glucose and insulin as a result of increasing insulin resistance. Also, there was a significant increase in HOMA-IR in Hyper-C group, but, there was an insignificant decrease in it in the Hypo-C group in comparison to that in the control group. On the other hand, there was a significant decrease in HOMA-IR in the Hypo-C group in comparison to that in the Hyper-C group. These results reflects incidence of insulin resistance in Hyper-C group which was supported by Nanda, Mahapatra et al. (2015) who stated that insulin resistance is considered when the normal response of the tissues to insulin action is reduced, especially at the muscles and adipose tissues level with a compensatory hyperinsulinemia. Moreover, the results of this study showed a significant decrease in serum level of omentin-1 in Hyper-C group in comparison to the control group. This re sult confirmed that there is a link between omentin-1 and hyperglycemia as considered by Fu, Gong et al. (2004) who stated that, in the 1q22-q23 chromosomal region that was linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus, omentin gene was located. This was also supported by Yang, Lee et al. (2006), de Souza Batista, Yang et al. (2007), Tan, Adya et al. (2008), Yan, Liu et al. (2011), Elâ‚ ¬Ã‚ Mesallamy, Elâ‚ ¬Ã‚ Derany et al. (2011) and Shibata, Ouchi et al. (2012) and Nanda, Mahapatra et al. (2015) who found that increased serum glucose and insulin levels significantly decreased the serum level of omentin-1. This is further supported by Kazama, Usui et al. (2012), Oswiecimska, Suwala et al. (2015), Du, Ji et al. (2016) and Arman, Kirna et al. (2017) who stated that serum omentin-1 is correlated negatively with blood glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR. They explained this negative correlation by their results which declared that omentin-1 had adiponectin-like actions. On the other hand, the re sults of this study showed a significant increase in serum omentin-1 in Hypo-C group in comparison to that in both control and Hyper-C groups. This result was supported by Moreno-Navarrete, Català ¡n et al. (2010) and Saremi, Asghari et al. (2010) who found that omentin-1 serum level was increased by weight loss in obese patients. Also, the present study results declared a negative correlation between serum level of omentin-1 and that of both corticosterone and insulin in the Hyper-C group. These results confirmed that there was a negative relationship between serum omentin-1 level and insulin resistance which was supported by de Souza Batista, Yang et al. (2007) and Tan, Adya et al. (2008) who found that serum level of omentin-1 was correlated negatively with insulin resistance and they explained this relation by the positive correlation between serum level of omentin-1 and that of adiponectin. This is also was supported by Yang, Lee et al. (2006), Gà ¼rsoy, KÄ ±rnap et al. (2010), CÄ‚TOI, SUCIU et al. (2014), Herder, Ouwens et al. (2015) and Chen, Shang et al. (2017) who found that, in adipose tissue, omentin has an insulin sensitizing action through increasing both insulin signal transduction and insulin effects by stimulating glucose uptake in an insulin-mediated manner. Moreover, Herder, Ouwens et al. (2015) stated that omentin indirectly increased insulin sensitivity through adiponectin upregulation. Furthermore, Cai, Wei et al. (2009), Pan, Guo et al. (2010) and Nanda, Mahapatra et al. (2015) supported the incidence of insulin resistance with the decrease in serum omentin-1 levels as they found that in insulin resistance diabetic patients, the serum insulin level and HOMA-IR score were high while, serum omentin-1 level was low. On the other hand, the results of this study showed a significant increase in the final body weight in the Hyper-C group, but, a significant decrease in the final body weight in the Hypo-C group in comparison to that in the control group final body weight. These results were accompanied, as mentioned early, by a significant decrease in serum omentin-1 level in Hyper-C group, but a significant increase in its level in Hypo-C group in comparison to that in the control group. These finding were supported by Lee, Schnee et al. (2001) and Purnell, Kahn et al. (2009)   who stated that excess of glucocorticoids significantly increased body weight. Also, Zhuang, Zhao et al. (2009), Xu, Huang et al. (2010), Elâ‚ ¬Ã‚ Mesallamy, Elâ‚ ¬Ã‚ Derany et al. (2011) and Feng, Yuan et al. (2013) reported reduction in serum omentin-1 level with the increase in body weight. The significant changes in the final body weights in the Hyper-C and Hypo-C groups in comparison to the control group in the results of this study, may explain the possible link between glucocorticoids, omentin-1 and insulin resistance as corticosterone levels significantly affected final body weight which in turn affected serum le vel of omentin-1 and insulin resistance. These results were supported by Yang, Lee et al. (2006), de Souza Batista, Yang et al. (2007), Oswiecimska, Suwala et al. (2015)   and Smitka and Maresova (2015) who stated that omentin expression in visceral adipose tissue is reduced in obesity and insulin resistance. Also, Oswiecimska, Suwala et al. (2015) considered omentin as a nutritional marker that reflected the body weight. From the above discussed results, it was clear that glucocorticoids may be one of the regulators for omentin-1 and changes in body weight accompanied the abnormal serum levels of glucocorticoids may explain that regulation. This may also give a new explanation for the changes in insulin resistance that occur with abnormal serum levels of glucocorticoids. Also, it confirmed the importance of body weight control on glucose homeostasis. Conclusion   Ã‚   The results of this study may explain a novel mechanism by which glucocorticoids cause insulin resistance and this possibly through the regulation of serum level of omentin-1. Also, the results confirmed presence of a link between serum levels of both glucocorticoids and omentin-1 which is mostly the change in body weight and this confirmed the importance of body weight control on glucose homeostasis. Further studied should be conducted to confirm these results.

Akai MPC2000 (MIDI PRODUCTION CENTER) Essay -- essays research papers

AKAI MPC2000 MIDI PRODUCTION CENTER   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The following is a summary of the advanced features of the AKAI MPC2000, which include a built in sampler, sequencer and more. Here is a detailed general description of the AKAI MPC2000. Large 248 x 60 dot LCD display with graphics. 6 functions keys under the LCD display provide various functions on each page. Built-in 1.44 megabyte floppy disk drive to store both sequences and sound data. Built-in SCSI interface for storing data to external hard disk. Here is a detailed description of the AKAI MPC2000’s built in sampler. 16-bit, 44.1kHz stereo sampling High capacity sound memory: 2 megabytes standard (22 seconds mono or 11 seconds stereo), expandable to 32 megabytes with SIMM memory. Digital sampling input for direct recording from digital sources with IB-M208P board. 128 sounds (samples) may be held in memory at one time. 32 simultaneous playback voices. The envelope or filter can be set for each sound. Optional multi-effects generator EB16 for versatile effects. Sample files may be loaded from AKAI S1000 and S3000 disks. IB-M208P (optional) enables you to mix and output internal sampler sounds from 8 individual outputs. A maximum of 24 programs (sound assignments and sound parameter settings) can be created. A selection between poloyphonic (multiple sounds are overlaid when the same sound is played continuously) or mono (the second sound silences the first). It is possible to stop the playing of a so...

Effects of Europe’s Colonization of Africa Essay

Imperialism is the political, economic, and social control by one country over another country. In the 1800’s, many European countries began their imperialism of most of Africa. But when the Europeans were finally forced out, the government, economy, and social life were in ruins because a lack of concern by the Europeans, and their hasty decisions. The Europeans ignored the social effects on the African people completely. When the new â€Å"borders† of Africa were drawn at the Berlin Conference, of which no African people had any input, the Europeans drew the lines according to what they wanted, and not what the African people had already established. The effect of this was that many ethnic and religious groups, and even sometimes families, were split up, causing mass havoc and chaos. The Europeans also decided that they were going to implement their own religion into the African peoples. Many times, if an African resisted, he would be beat for his religious beliefs because he would not convert to Christianity. Mostly, this only angered the African people. Overall, there was simply a total disregard for African life throughout the imperialism of Africa. Many Europeans had views that were contradictory. One such example is Henry Morton Stanley. Although he claimed to accept the Africans, he often portrayed them as childlike and ignorant. However, he was the ignorant one, not realizing what he was saying. Maybe it was not that he did not realize what he was saying, but he was trying to satisfy one group, while portraying his true personality to another. The political impacts of imperialism are probably the most widespread. The way the borders were drawn has created several civil wars that still rage on today. The lack of concern on the Europeans’ part created a huge problem when they left; they had made the borders so that previously warring tribes were placed in the same place, creating havoc. Also, few Africans had a strong governing power to begin with, and the leaders did not know how to deal with the economic mess, nor the social mess, because their knowledge and resources were so limited. Another huge problem was deciding who would be in power. This goes back to the civil wars and lack of concern on the  Europeans’ parts; they had made the borders so that previously warring tribes were placed in the same place, creating havoc. This led to the economic and political problems that still exist in Africa today. Economically, the Europeans depleted many of the resources that Africa had. The countries went in, plundered what they wanted, and sold it to their home countries, with the Africans receiving none of the profit. This can be likened to someone discovering a gold coin in a neighbor’s backyard, but declaring that it was their’s because they found it. This wouldn’t happen most places, but since the Europeans were the ruling powers of the time, there was no one to stop them. But what resources the Europeans didn’t completely plunder, they didn’t teach the Africans how to effectively make a profit from them. The Africans relied on the Europeans for their economy, because before their ethnic and religious groups had been separated, there was no need for an economy. But since the different areas had been reestablished as countries with peoples within its borders that fought, one had to be established. The Africans had no knowledge of how to run an economy, and as a result, there is an economic problem that still exists in Africa today. The biggest economic impact on Africa was also a social impact. Slave trade. It is probably one of the most significant issues to ever be written as history. The slave trade was the biggest exploit of Africa by the Europeans. Seeing that the Americans needed manpower for their large agricultural-based economy, the Europeans saw yet another economic road to riches. The Europeans thought of the Africans as inferior, and seeing that they could get ride of some of the resistance, they began to sell the Africans to plantation owners. This produced money for the Europeans, and separated many African families forever. Looking back on this problem, had the Europeans shown a little bit more concern for the Africans and thought about the consequences of their actions, the social, economic, and political problems that exist today in Africa would be lessened or even non-existant.

Free Essays on The Shroud

of John Walsh, â€Å"the facts here have always been available in newspapers, books, documents and human memory, but they have been difficult to gather. I have sought them, off and on, for four years, finally visiting Europe in the search. But I have not set them down here in any effort to convince. Indeed, the reader must come to his own conclusion.†(Walsh 1963, p: 1.) Being open minded to both parties the pros and cons plays an important part in conducting this research paper, as what authors Pickenett and Prince said â€Å" Undertaking this study with a completely open mind, being equally ready to affirm that the shroud was absurd fraud, or to recognize its authenticity, but gradually forced to agree, on every single point that its markings were exact.†(Picknett & Prince 2000, p:5.). Thus, it was a test for scientist and experts to show how these evidences support the possibilities of its authenticity. Statement of the problem The purpose of this paper is twofold. It aims to excavate some of the evidences that supports the authenticity of the Holy Shroud of Turin specially for the skeptics, secondly is to furnish some brief and clear explanations to the evidences gathered. To achieve the said purpose the researcher formulated these question... Free Essays on The Shroud Free Essays on The Shroud Shroud of Turin Essay written by: augusto Introduction: Millions of words have been written about the remarkable cloth preserved at Turin. More recently, most of these writings dealt with one basic question, was it the actual winding sheet of the crucified Christ, bearing an imprint of His body? Or was the whole thing a gigantic hoax? A fantastic forgery of the Middle Ages? Erudite men have lined up on both sides of that compelling query. Some of the facts about the Holy Shroud have something to do with the presence of human blood and other strong evidences of its authenticity, it intensified man’s curiosity. The researcher himself was also puzzled and came up with this study. In the words of John Walsh, â€Å"the facts here have always been available in newspapers, books, documents and human memory, but they have been difficult to gather. I have sought them, off and on, for four years, finally visiting Europe in the search. But I have not set them down here in any effort to convince. Indeed, the reader must come to his own conclu sion.†(Walsh 1963, p: 1.) Being open minded to both parties the pros and cons plays an important part in conducting this research paper, as what authors Pickenett and Prince said â€Å" Undertaking this study with a completely open mind, being equally ready to affirm that the shroud was absurd fraud, or to recognize its authenticity, but gradually forced to agree, on every single point that its markings were exact.†(Picknett & Prince 2000, p:5.). Thus, it was a test for scientist and experts to show how these evidences support the possibilities of its authenticity. Statement of the problem The purpose of this paper is twofold. It aims to excavate some of the evidences that supports the authenticity of the Holy Shroud of Turin specially for the skeptics, secondly is to furnish some brief and clear explanations to the evidences gathered. To achieve the said purpose the researcher formulated these question...